Canadian and International Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1665 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Topics: Freedom Essay Did you like this example? Human Rights Violations Freedom of Expression If individuals were asked to immediately list a few things that they could not imagine life without, many would instantly think of food, water, family, and shelter. However, equally important are the rights that humans must be provided with by the country in which they reside in. Even if one had all the things previously mentioned, they would not be very useful if one was not allowed to live by his/her wishes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Canadian and International Law" essay for you Create order Everyone is a rational being who deserves to be treated with dignity and a set of universal human rights that no one is exempt from, regardless of their ethnicity, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, marital status, or disability. Yet, all over the world, various countries are denying its citizens these rights, for baseless reasons. For example, some are violating Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; including freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers; orally, in writing, print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. The exercise of the rights provided of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: 1. For respect of the rights or reputations of others; and 2. For the protection of national security or of public order, or of public health or morals,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The United Nations). In particular, this essay will focus on the countries violating Article 19, as it is inhumane and immoral for journalists and the media to be living their lives in constant fear; Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Germany, and Libya. An example of an Article 19 violation is that of journalist attacks by the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in Pakistan. The ISI is the militaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spy agency, whose officers had abducted and killed journalist Saleem Shahzad, in May of 2011. Amnesty International and many other human rights organizations have sent an open letter to Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, to punish those who have been attacking independent journalists. Shahzad was a correspondent for the Asia Times Online, and was abducted in broad daylight in Islamabad , the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital. His body was two days later with marks of torture. He had written articles about sensitive national security issues, including infiltration of the Pakistani military by Al-Qaeda, and the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relationship with the Taliban. Several months before his death, Shahzad had friends that he had received death threats from the ISI. Although the Pakistani government did set up a high-level investigation in 2011, related evidence has somehow disappeared, and no one has been brought to justice yet (Amnesty International Press Releases). If nothing is done about this situation, this encourages further violence and danger toward the media in Pakistan. Last month, a journalist named Hamid Mir just narrowly escaped a murder attempt in Karachi, and accused the ISI for the attack. In a report released last month by Amnesty International, it indicates that many of the harassments, intimidations, and abuse to journalists, have been comm itted by the ISI. So far, 34 journalists have been killed on the job since 2008, but the perpetrators have been brought to justice in only one of them. There has been increased tension between the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest private broadcaster Geo TV and the authorities, due to accusations regarding journalist Hamid Mir. In addition, some journalists from the Jang Media Group have reported to Amnesty International that they have received threats and harassment by phone and in person. Many are scared to enter their offices or confirm their association with Geo TV and other media outlets, due to fear of being attacked. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is particularly disappointing that rival media channels and some political parties have joined to attack Jang Media Group, rather than demand a full and impartial investigation of the circumstances surrounding the attack on Hamid Mir,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  said David Griffiths (Amnesty International Press Releases). Some government officials have al so tried to remove Geo TV from being broadcasted for allegedly commenting against them. There has also been a disruption of around 80 per cent of Jang Media Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s distribution in print and on the air, under the orders of the Pakistani military. Nawaz Sharif needs to follow through on the commitments he made, to allow journalism and accurate news reporting. This holds true especially for those reporting on national security, human rights, and in areas of violence. The failure to arrest those responsible for attacks on journalists, sends a signal that violence is acceptable. According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Pakistan should ensure that the media is permitted to carry out its role of conveying the truth and facts to the public on important issues. The country must also follow the United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, to improve the working conditions of journalists in Pak istan (Amnesty International). Russia has also repressed political dissent, pressured, and shut down independent media and harassed nongovernmental organizations in 2010. Peaceful public demonstrations were stopped with force, where lawyers, activists, and journalists were threatened and attacked. Since 2000, the murders of seventeen journalists all unhappy with government policies and actions remain unsolved. There were numerous reports of citizens being unable to exercise their opinions in regional elections to change their government. Journalists were intimidated, attacked, killed, physically abused by law enforcement officers, and given life-threatening prison conditions. Some were arbitrarily detained, the government infringed on freedoms of speech and expression, and major independent media outlets were forced to refrain from critical coverage (United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor). The Internet was the only way citizens were able to access information, due to the lack of coverage by state-controlled media. The reason being that corruption was widespread throughout all levels of government. Another example happened in September of 2012, in Germany, where several journalists were beaten during a demonstration, as they were taking photos for the news. They were forced to destroy all the videotapes and pictures. In addition, in South Korea, a photojournalist, Lee Si-woo, was arrested in April of 2007, as the government did not like what he was writing about the military. The South Korean National Security Law was very vaguely worded, on purpose, so that individuals would have a difficult time in fighting the charges laid against them. The news he was reporting was obtained legally, and he had abided the Freedom of Information laws, which is why he must be dropped of the charges (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus). One more major issue occurred in Benghazi, Libya, on May 26 of this yea r. A journalist, Muftah Abu Zeid, was killed for publicly going against the crimes that an armed group had committed. It is believed that he was shot dead, since he was delivering copies of the Burniq newspaper, in which he would regularly comment on the current state of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political affairs; especially the assassinations by armed groups. He had already received several death threats previously via his phone and Facebook, but was unable to report them to the police, as the criminal justice system was not properly functioning in Benghazi. The Libyan government needs to take action and make a full inquiry as to the sequence of events, and capture those responsible (Amnesty International: Public Statement). In the past, other newspaper correspondents have seen their offices attacked, with grenades and vandalism. Some journalists have been pushed into self-censorship, hiding, and abandonment of their profession as well. Although the government did condemn Muf tahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assassination, the authorities have yet to conduct a thorough investigation. It is important to note that these attacks against police stations, courts, judges, and security officers are slowing down the processes to repairing the justice system in place. All these countries need to raise their standards concerning its international and domestic laws, in order to protect the rights to life and security of the person. The authorities need to also keep in mind the right to freedom of expression, by ensuring that journalists are safely able to report on sensitive topics, without the constant fear of threats, and physical attacks. Works Cited Amnesty International Press Releases. Pakistan must investigate Inter-Services Intelligence over attacks against journalists. 30 May 2014. 31 May 2014 lt;https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/pakistan-must-investigate-inter-services-intelligence-over-attacks-against-gt;. Amnesty International. Freedom of Expression. 2014. 23 May 2014 lt;https://www.amnesty.org/en/freedom-of-expressiongt;. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ . Open Letter to the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Joint statement of shared concerns about attacks on journalists in Pakistan. 29 May 2014. 30 May 2014 lt;https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA33/010/2014/en/1db00c91-6444-4a3a-91e9-35512370a875/asa330102014en.pdfgt;. Amnesty International: Public StatementL. Libya: Journalist killed for denouncing abuses by armed group. 29 May 2014. 31 May 2014 lt;https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE19/004/2014/en/929ab91b-3145-4f09-923c-1301f1a76344/mde190042014en.pdfgt;. Human Rights. A Summary of United Nations Agreements on Human Rights. 25 January 1997. 22 May 2014 lt;https://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html#Article 19.2gt;. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. Human Rights Violations in Certain Countries 2012. 2012. 26 May 2014 lt;https://mfa.gov.by/upload/Report2012_eng.pdfgt;. The United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Preamble Article 19. 2014. 24 May 2014 lt;https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a19gt;. United For Human Rights. Human Rights Violations: Article 19 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Freedom of Expression . 2014. 20 May 2014 lt;https://www.humanrights.com/what-are-human-rights/violations-of-human-rights/expression.htmlgt;. United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 . 2011. 24 May 2014 lt;https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186609.pdfgt;. 1

E Commerce Within A Business - 2134 Words

E-Commerce within a Business E-commerce within a business refers to the commercial transactions of products or services which occur electronically over the internet, by implementing e-commerce into a business such as ‘iGadget’ will provide both advantages and disadvantages, however the majority of the disadvantages can be fixed over time and the progression of the ‘iGadget’ itself. Advantages †¢ 24/7 opening 24/7 opening is a strong advantage for a business as it allows for the sales of products and services to occur at any time and place. By allowing the sales of the products and services to occurring 24/7 it allows for an organisation to make sales without needing to be live and therefore allowing for more sales to be made in a shorted period of time. For a company such as ‘iGadget’ 24/7 opening would be beneficial as it would allow for the company to make a higher amount of sales per day and also help the company’s progression through sales. †¢ Global business opportunities The Global business opportunities are found within E-commerce through the fact that through E-commerce the business or organisation can be reached all over the world where internet access is available. E-commerce allows ultimately allows for an entrance into the global marketplace which, in turn, allows for a wider amount of customers worldwide and therefore creates a better customer base for the business or organisation as well as helps to promote the business on a wider scale. In regards to ‘IGadget’Show MoreRelatedDiscuss the Global Impact of E-Commerce on Society. Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesP 2.2 Discuss the global impact of e-Commerce on society. 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Some services rendered to customers via e-commerce service include: automated data collection systems, mobile commerce, supply chain managementRead MoreE Commerce Is A Process Of Buying Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesFuture of E-Commerce E-commerce is a process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information via electronic transactions. These business transactions occur either business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business. E-Commerce is swiftly growing throughout the years with the development in Internet and innovation. The gigantic development of virtual groups - individuals getting together in ad hoc groups online - guaranteesRead MoreE Commerce : Buying And Selling Of Products1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdocuments. E-commerce is widely considered the buying and selling of products over the internet, but any transaction that is completed solely through electronic measures can be considered e-commerce. 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Previously conducted Free Essays

Business environments exhibit a variety of structures and processes, Including flat and horizontal organizational forms, ultrasonically matrix structures, networks of â€Å"virtual organizations† and self- directed work teams. When business organizations respond to challenges by embarking on a change management path, they are faced with choices of which one of the management methods, techniques, and systems would be most effective (Waldron, 2005). Every organization is located within a particular configuration of contingencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Previously conducted or any similar topic only for you Order Now It Is dependent on the market and technological environment In which it operates its scale and diversity of operations, the technology applied to its work, ND the type of personnel it employs. To achieve congruence, an appropriate design is the one which best suits it’s contextual and operational contingencies. According to Mores and Yen (2001 , p. 352), â€Å"to be internally consistent, organizations must have tightly independent and mutually supportive parts In terms of strategies, structures and process†. The management of organizations faces a challenge to reinforce the management accounting system. Tragedies and structures together In order to achieve competitive advantage and enhance performance. Thus, research needs to e carried out to help management make appropriate decisions in order to achieve this congruence. This study examines companies in Malaysia’s manufacturing industry in responding to the rapid changes in technological and competitive environm ent In Malaysia as a result of globalization. Globalization has changed the environment surrounding organizations operating In developing countries with an increase In uncertainty, Intensified Industry competition and advanced technology. According to Kansas, Md-Mansard and Doris (2003) globalization brings in new genealogy and makes a developing country open to greater competition. These changes may affect the choice of management accounting practice (MAP) in an organization and may also result in the need for the firm to reconsider its existing organizational design and strategies in order to fit with the changing environment. This argument Is supported by Burns and Escapes (2000) and Shields (1 997), who suggest that changes in environment cause changes in organizations, which in turn cause changes in MAP. Background and Significance of the Study The business environment in a developing country differs from that within a plopped country with regards to market size, access to manufactured Inputs, although some developing economies are quite large, most are not; the menu of domestically produced intermediate inputs and capital equipment is often limited; a scarcity of technicians and scientists also affects flexibility in the production process and the ability to absorb new technologies; infrastructure is relatively limited; macroeconomic and relative price volatility is typically more extreme; legal systems and crime prevention are also relatively poor; and corruption is often a serious problem. Malaysia is categorized as the developing country, however it has more advanced infrastructure and technology compared to most other developing countries. Malaysian manufacturing industries are also more concentrated than those of most developed countries (Apothecary, 2002). With globalization, the application of technology in Malaysia has increased, especially through foreign investment (Kansas et al. , 2003). Changes in business environment in Malaysia arising from a market- oriented economy and government policies that provide businesses with the opportunity for growth and profits, have made Malaysia a highly nominative manufacturing and export base. LITERATURE REVIEW Management Accounting and Its Evolution: The basic purpose of accounting information is to help users make decisions. Management accounting is branch of accounting that produces information for managers and forms an important integral part of the strategic process within an organization. It involves the process of identifying, measuring, accumulating, analyzing, preparing, interpreting, and communicating information that helps managers fulfill organizational objectives (Hormone, Sunder, Stratton, Burgomaster, Chatterer, 2007). Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (I-J) views management accounting as an integral part of management which requires the identification, generation, presentation, interpretation and use of information relevant to: – Formulating business strategy; – planning and controlling activities; – decision-making; – efficient resource usage; – performance improvement and value enhancement. Johnson and Kaplan (1987) argued for a ‘relevance lost’ in management accounting. They pointed the issue of inappropriateness of conventional management accounting techniques which offered little capacity for roving useful and timely information for better decision and control in the contemporary environment of rapid technological change and vigorous competition. Following Johnson and Kaplan (1987), management accounting techniques had rapidly developed for better decision-making and management control. To promote a better understanding of the changes in management accounting practices, the International Federation of Accountants (AFC) (1998) provides a framework explaining the development of management accounting. This framework explains the evolution in management accounting through four recognizable stages. Management Accounting change: Management accounting change is not a uniform phenomenon. Consequently one confirmed by management accounting. Researchers. It is evident that both the external factors (environmental) and internal factors (relating to the organization concerned) have influenced the recent development of new management accounting systems and techniques. According to Shields (1997), the potential change drivers are competition, technologies, organizational design and strategies. These drivers of change also indicate the differing roles which causal factors can have in the process f change. Change in environment also implies uncertainty and risk which create a demand for further management accounting change in the form of ‘non-financial’ measures (Vivo, 1999). Less attention has been given by researchers to the management accounting change process. Burns and Escapes (2000, p. 4) observed that, â€Å"little research attention has been given to understanding the processes through which new management accounting systems and practices have emerged (or failed to merge) through time†. Change can be addressed in a variety of dimensions. According to The American Heritage Dictionary, 4th Edition, change includes all of the following aspects: becoming different or undergo alteration; transformation or transition; going from one phase to another; making an exchange; modifying; substitution; giving and receiving reciprocally; replace with another; abandon. This definition illustrates different types of change and shows that, in general, it is not a uniform phenomenon. Wisecracking and Alliterate (2007) suggest change in management accounting as a learning methodology to understand how environmental factors shape internal process within organization. According to them, the process of change reflects on the question of how management accounting techniques emerged, evolved and were transformed when new demands from the changing environment are in place. From a management accounting perspectives, different types of change can be researched upon. For example Essay (2003) study change with respect to the integration of Activity Based Costing (BBC) into strategy to manage organization’s operating activities. It is suggested that BBC can contribute to improve organizational performance if implemented as part of the overall organizational change strategy. Prefer, McKinney and Harrison (2003), examined changes in term of introduction, abandonment and reintroduction of transfer pricing in government trading enterprise as it moved from protected monopolistic status to centralization. Research Method Data sources There are two types of data sources are used to obtain the required information 2. 1. Primary Data: Direct interview though a survey questionnaire. That was needed for this assignment. Secondary data Online articles on management accounting Previously conducted research papers on different issues of management accounting magazines, brochures, etc This study has attempted to enhance our understanding of the effect of a lignment among management accounting and organizational change, in Malaysian manufacturing companies, on performance. It explores the causal relationship between competitive environment and advanced manufacturing technology; with MAP, strategy and structure. Interrelationship between MAP with structure and strategy is also investigated. The research findings confirm that the model developed mainly from a Western perspective is largely applicable to the Malaysian context. Moreover, this study presents a number of distinctive findings to add to the existing iterate. It identifies certain important associations, particularly in relation to the alignment among the organizational factors, I. E. , MAP, structure and strategy. As the business environment is continuously changing, organizations and their managers will find it is critical to cope with these changes to ensure that institutional factors are properly matched. Supply of relevant information is essential for managers to make effective decisions regarding an appropriate alignment. This study had been designed to achieve the research objectives. By employing a valid and reliable theology, this study has significantly contributed to the theoretical and methodological knowledge in this area. The findings from this research also provide a useful guideline to organizations, especially their managers, to make decisions in light of the current changing environment. Apart from these contributions, this research’s outcome has also provided useful guidance for future research. References magazines, brochure CT Web link http://www. En. Wisped. Org/wick/about management accounting http:// en. Wisped. Org/wick http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/management accounting system How to cite Previously conducted, Papers

Garden Of Love Essay Research Paper William free essay sample

Garden Of Love Essay, Research Paper William Blake # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Garden of Love # 8221 ; In William Blake # 8217 ; s Garden of Love, published in 1794, the talker shows that from twenty-four hours one of any individuals life, nil remains unvarying. That life is ever in a province of alteration, confusion, and incompatibility. The talker tries to make this by conveying you to a province of being and realisation of the church, nature, and sentimental significance. He accomplishes this undertaking exhaustively by utilizing many different poetic signifiers such as symbolism allusions and imagination. The talkers chief aim is to demo lives inevitable alterations. That life no affair how one may retrieve, whether it be as a kid, grownup, or senior, that it will non stay changeless. In Blake # 8217 ; s poem Garden of Love the talker shows this by stating of a life experience. He tells of a Garden, beautiful and pure, # 8220 ; That so many sweet flowers bore ; # 8221 ; ( 8 ) , and how it was a topographic point of sanctuary for him in his young person. We will write a custom essay sample on Garden Of Love Essay Research Paper William or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This allusion of his Garden of Love is that of Edenic imagination. He see his garden as a topographic point of peace, where nature, God, and him, are one ; such as the Garden of Eden. By utilizing this imagination he shows that even from twenty-four hours one of human being, that things evolve and mutate. That through persons actions of what they think may be virtuous and moral, may so be an act of desolation and devastation. As a consequence, the Garden of Eden and the Garden of Love became nonextant and untouchable for all. The talker portrays this by saying, # 8220 ; And adhering with sweetbriers my joys and desires # 8221 ; ( 12 ) . The talker feels that the equilibrium which existed between them and all that lived in the garden became nil but a memory. A retrospection of the manner life used to be ; a tabu feeling that used to take a breath freely through their venas. He co ntinues his narrative by stating of his expedition back to his garden subsequently in life, merely to happen out that his Garden of Love had â€Å"†¦ tomb-stones where flowers should be: † ( 10 ) , and that it had been taken over by the church. This ocular and internal image helps to, really directly forwardly, represent decease. The decease of his feelings, the decease of his peaceable environment, the decease of his, and others, lives. This extremist internal imagination unusually AIDSs in the feeling of hurting and injury that the talker felt when he saw what had happened to his â€Å"Garden of Love.† Furthermore, the â€Å"flowers† are a signifier of female sexual imagination. The flowers now replaced with Gravess has a really barbarous and rough intension. The symbolic significance of fring a loved one, or loved 1s. His life is no longer filled with love, but with decease. Possibly the decease of his married woman, female parent, of female friend. Whate ver the instance may be, the talker has lost person of great and beloved importance to him, and no 1 is at that place for him, non even the church. He states, # 8220 ; And the Gatess of this Chapel were shut, # 8221 ; ( 5 ) , insinuating that the church had non helped or comforted him, but destroyed this equilibrium of peace that used to be present in this environment. In add-on, organized church did non assist people of all types. It shows that faith is segregating, and merely concerned with the wellbeing of itself, and non others. In line ( 12 ) , # 8220 ; And adhering with sweetbriers my joys and desires # 8221 ; , it has the allusion to Christ on the cross. The sweetbriers, a thorny rose type shrub, represents the Crown of irritants worn on Christ caput. That somehow Christ # 8217 ; s love was now turning to decease, and he had no 1 to turn to, except his God, for comfort. Like the talker, that found joy in his garden, he can now merely seek the compassion of his ain God, nature.

Dissertation for Financial Portfolio Analysis Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Dissertation For Financial Portfolio Analysis. Answer: Introduction Basic Overview The construction of a financial portfolio is a key issue in the current economies for different nations. Having a financial portfolio plays a paramount role in the theoretical and practical application of the sustainable financial economics. In a portfolio composition analysis, an investor selects a set of individual assets. This paper seeks to study 5 assets obtained from Yahoo finance over a 2-year period from 01/09/2013 to 31/08/2015 so as to make investments. The portfolio can accommodate various shares, unit trusts, bonds, PEPS, ISAS, options, cash, foreign currency or other financial instruments. The portfolio concerns itself more over how to spread the investment funds among the chosen assets as opposed to the criteria when choosing the assets. Each asset has a unit price at the time of purchase and can be subsequently updates. It has a price and return at the purchase time and at any future time. Return mainly measures the increase in price of the asset as calculated on a dai ly basis as either a fraction or a percentage. It is given by Ri (t) = When the portfolio does an analysis over a lengthier period of time, for instance, this paper does a research on a two-year period, the log return is considered much more convenient. It is, therefore, obtained by, LRi (t) = = Where P is the price vector, L =length(P) and LR= The assets chosen for this paper are analyzed for returns rather than prices so as to avoid the issues that would result due to currency different. Using returns makes the problem-solving process purely equity based. The profit consists of return from the portfolio of investments and its capital appreciation. Associated is the task of limiting the risk of losing money. A risk is considered an opportunity in the financial markets. The financial portfolio analysis seeks to develop a theory based on getting the best return from the portfolios over a single period of time. The Nasdaq share prices of MSFT are obtained from finance.yahoo.com. Objectives Of The Study To determine the equivalent mean, variance, standard deviation of the shares returns annually, and the annual covariance matrix V of the returns. To analyze the covariance and share price behavior over a given time interval and the efficient frontier and explicitly plot the outcome. To use the utility functions to find the ideal investment portfolio at the beginning of the given time period (Year 1- construct portfolio, Year 2- future return validation). To investigate the relationship between SPY and VIX. Literature Review Different companies do their stock market valuation or share prices based on the performance of the company over a long-term period only. Short term valuations can beat down the record held by companies valued highly over longer periods as problems are bound to occur over long period appraisals than when short period appraisals are done. Interest can be viewed from the lenders and borrowers end. Interest is the gain from investing for a lender and the reward for trouble of lending a borrower advanced capital. The amount of initial outlay and the length of time the money is lent decides how much the interest is due. There are three frequently used financial rates namely the AER, EAR, and APR. Investment is perceived as the utilization of funds on assets with a focus on earning income or capital appreciation. The main investment strategy has two key attributes: time and risk. These two attributes indicate the risk factor. The risk is undertaken in a view to reap some return from the in vestment. The financial investment ensures the distribution of money of assets that are expected to yield some gain over a period of time. It is an exchange of financial claims for money. They are expected to yield returns and experience capital growth over the years. The main aim of the construction of a financial portfolio is to ensure the maximization of return, minimization or risk, and hedge against the inflation(Kasilingam, n.d.). The paper uses the dataset of the historical data obtained from Nasdaq. It is the first electronic exchange that provides a platform for the investors to buy and sell stock. Nasdaq is a statistical measure of a slice of the market. The Dow 30 shows a dataset comprised of prices for different institutions and how the compare to each other. The DJIA tracks the routine of thirty different companies that are considered key players in the market. The Nasdaq tracks about four thousand stocks that trade on the Nasdaq exchange. Nasdaq deals with organizations such as CISCO, Microsoft, intel and apple. The two market indices are a representative of a mathematical average used to make sense of the stock market. Assets at origin are funds that give no return and have no risk. The efficient frontier is defined by portfolio that no point has high return with the risk of H and no point with the return of H has lower risk. It is measured by the expected utility function. Methodology The financial portfolio is concerned about risk, return, safety, and liquidity. The return is a random variable that is obtained as the mean of given data and is referred to as the expected return and the associated risk. It is a standard deviation denoted as i. The empirical random variable model of the Ri is obtained by Where ej is a random variable term. Results The data obtained was evaluated at the closing price. All the shares trade in USD for uniformity on the currency and to avoid complicated addendum based on risk of using different currencies. The figure above show a monthly based analysis with data obtained for the third day of each month. There is a significant improvement in the share returns recorded from the year 2013 to the year 2015. Statistical analysis was conducted on the closing share indices of the returns for the monthly data set in use. Statistical Analysis All the calculations are done based on the adjusted close values in USD. Statistical analysis The results of the statistical evaluation to achieve objective 1 are discussed below. These are the resulting values for the entire period for the adjusted close. The MATLAB code snippet for the statistical evaluation is as shown below Annual covariance matrix V of the share returns The same amount for variance is obtained for covariance. The covariance matrix is discussed below. Efficient frontier portfolio for the multiple risky assets Discussion The statistical mean on the data is obtained using the equation shown below, It can be denoted in vector form as, Where both w and are sets raised to the power of T. secondly, for the variance, there is a well-known result. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. This is denotated in summation form as, This can be denoted in matrix terms as the neater expression of the variance The covariance matrix is similar to the variance value obtained. Note that, And that the covariance of the matrix is purely concerned with the statistically linear relation aspects. These are the aspects of the relation between the returns Ri and Rj from the assets Ai and Aj. The var(Ri) is associated with the variability of the return Ri from Ai. For efficient frontier, the mean-standard deviation plots for portfolio optimization is completely specified by using a portfolio object when the two conditions are met. MATLAB code uses the finance toolbox to create a portfolio object and set the required parameters. A covariance matrix is needed to achieve the asset mean and asset covariance for analysis for efficient frontier. When variables are positively related, they move in the same direction but when the relationship is negative, the variables are inversely related. The covariance and correlation indicates this relationship. The trend observed on the relationship of the share returns and prices over the two-year period, in the first year the data was used to construct a portfolio. In the second year, the remaining data set was used to test the portfolio and determine if the portfolio works well on the test data. The economic growth and Nasdaq share returns are evaluated to show a positive covariance. The formula used, assuming that x-economic growth and y-Nasdaq share returns, is, The economic growth of the country is evaluated as the independent variable, the values used are mean values of the data set in the first section. As a result, one can determine if the units of measure are increasing or decreasing. Correlation come in to aid the covariance measure the degree to which a relationship is positive or negative. It is the statistical dependency between returns which controls the sought feature of obtaining high return for low risk. The efficient frontier is decided by portfolios which minimize the risk for a required expected return that maximizes the expected return for a given level of risk. From a given study, the relationship between the closing prices of the SPY and VIX shows that the SPY has a higher trend line than the VIX. The SPY needs to go down a few indices so as to move in the same direction as the VIX. This would ascertain the rule of thumb for positive correlation and covariance. According to the black Scholes formula for options, the MATLAB function used has arguments such as the current price for the underlying asset, exercise price of the option, annualized, continuously compounded risk-free rate of return over the life of the option, time taken by option to expire (years), and the continuously compounded yield of the underlying asset over the life of the option. Conclusion In a nutshell, the financial portfolio analysis attains very substantial information from the dataset used. The data set was obtained from the Nasdaq stock exchange and the share returns and share prices were evaluated at the adjusted close price for each quarter or even on monthly basis. Several graphical representations were obtained using the MATLAB software such as the efficient frontier and the statistical calculations. References Afflec-Grave,J.F and Money, A.H (1976) A Comparison of Two Portfolio Selection Models. The Investment Analyst Journal.7 (4):35-40. Ambrozaite, R. and Sondergaard, L. (2010). Danish Mortgage bond portfolio optimization using the mean-variance approach. Masters thesis, Copenhagen Business School. Amenc, N and Veronique, L (2003), Portfolio Theory and Performance Analysis,2nd ed. Campbell, J.Y and Luis M.VB (2004) Long-Horizon Mean-Variance Analysis: A user Guide, Manuscript, Havard University, Cambridge, MA. Ehrgott, M., Klamroth, K. and Schwehm, C. (2004) An MCDM Approach to portfolio optimization, European Journal of operational Research, 155,752-70. Elliot, R.J and Kopp, P.E(1999), Mathematics of financial markets, Springer New York. Huang,C.F and Litzenberger, R.H(1988). Foundations for financial Economics, North Holland, New York. Jorion, P.(2003). Portfolio optimization with tracking error constraints; Financial analyst Journal 59,70-82. Kasilingam, D. R. (n.d.). Investment and Portfolio Management. Retrieved from Pondicherry university: https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/sites/default/files/ivestment%20%26%20portfolio%20mgt- 260214.pdf Kheirollah, A and Bjarnbo, O (2007) A Quantitative Risk Optimization of Markowitz Model: An Empirical Investigation on Swedish Large Cap List.68 Kroll,. Y and Markowitz, H.M (1984). Mean variance versus direct utility maximization, Journal of finance ,39-47-61. Konno,.H. and Yamazaki,.H.(1991). Mean Absolute deviation portfolio optimization model and its application to Tokyo Stock Exchange, Management Science,37(1991)519-531 Li, K (2008), Continuous-Time Mean-Variance Portfolio Selection. Masters thesis, University of Oxford, UK. Maharakkhaka, B (2011) The Performance of mean variance portfolio selection and its opportunity cost: The case of Thai Securities. Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio Selection Journal of Finance, Vol.7 no.1 March: 77-91 Markowitz, H. (1959). Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investment. Merton, R. C (1969). Life time Portfolio Selection Under Uncertainty: The Continuous Time Case. Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.51 no.3 (August): 247-257. Nagurney, A (2009) Portfolio Optimization. Masters thesis, Havard University Graduate school of Design.

Train free essay sample

In analog technology, compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation There are several advantages of amplitude modulation, and some of these reasons have meant that it is still in widespread use today. It is simple to implement, it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components, and AM receivers are very cheap as no specialized components are needed (Electronics and Radio Today,  n. We will write a custom essay sample on Train or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page d. ). Disadvantages: Amplitude modulation is a very basic form of modulation, and although its simplicity is one of its major advantages, other more sophisticated systems provide a number of advantages. Accordingly it is worth looking at some of the disadvantages of amplitude modulation. It is not efficient in terms of its power usage, it is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to twice that of the highest audio frequency, and it is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and obviously AM detectors are sensitive to it (Electronics and Radio Today,  n. d. ). Frequency Modulation Frequency nodulation (FM) sends information over a carrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency. In analog applications, the difference between the instantaneous and the base frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input-signal amplitude. FM is commonly used for broadcasting music and speech, two way radio systems, magnetic tape recording systems, and some video transmission systems. FM signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation. Direct FM modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the message into the input of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). For indirect FM modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a phase-modulated signal. This is used to modulate a crystal-controlled oscillator, and the result is passed through a frequency multiplier to give an FM signal (Electronics and Radio Today,  n. d. 1). FM is used for a number of reasons and there are several advantages of frequency modulation. In view of this it is widely used in a number of areas to which it is ideally suited. Some of the advantages of frequency modulation are noted below: Resilience to noise: One particular advantage of frequency modulation is its resilience to signal level variations. The modulation is carried only as variations in frequency. This means that any signal level variations will not affect the audio output, provided that the signal does not fall to a level where the receiver cannot cope. As a result this makes FM ideal for mobile radio communication applications including more general two-way radio communication or portable applications where signal levels are likely to vary considerably. The other advantage of FM is its resilience to noise and interference. It is for this reason that FM is used for high quality broadcast transmissions. Easy to apply modulation at a low power stage of the transmitter: Another advantage of frequency modulation is associated with the transmitters. It is possible to apply the modulation to a low power stage of the transmitter, and it is not necessary to use a linear form of amplification to increase the power level of the signal to its final value. It is possible to use efficient RF amplifiers with frequency modulated signals: It is possible to use non-linear RF amplifiers to amplify FM signals in a transmitter and these are more efficient than the linear ones required for signals with any amplitude variations (e. . AM). This means that for a given power output, less battery power is required and this makes the use of FM more viable for portable two-way radio applications (Electronics and Radio Today,  n. d. 1). Phase Modulation Phase modulation (PM) is a form of modulation that represents information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. Unlike its more popular counterpart, frequency modulation (FM), PM is not very widely used for radio transmissions. This is because it tends to require more complex receiving hardware (Radio-Electronics. com,  n. d. ). Advantage: The main advantage of PM like FM is increased immunity to noise. Disadvantage: The main disadvantage to PM is that it requires more complex receiving hardware (M. S. Richer,  2006). Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. It conveys two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves. The two carrier waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90 ° and are thus called quadrature carriers or quadrature components. Analog QAM is used in National Television System Committee (NTSC) and Phase Alternating Line (PAL) television systems (Radio-Electronics. com,  n. d. ). Advantages: With QAM sharp cutoff band pass filters are not required. This makes it an attractive alternative to single sideband-suppressed carrier (SSB-SC). Disadvantages: Compared to SSB, QAM is more exacting in terms of the carrier

Free Essays on Locks Come In All Shapes And Sizes

Locks come in all shapes and sizes, with many creative design variations. You can get a clear idea of the lock by examining one simple, representative lock. Most locks are based on fairly similar concepts. Think about the normal dead-bolt lock you might find on a front door. In this sort of lock, a movable bolt or latch is embedded in the door so it can be extended out the side. This bolt is lined up with a notch in the frame. When you turn the lock, the bolt extends into the notch in the frame, so the door can't move. When you retract the bolt, the door moves freely. The lock's only job is to make it simple for someone with a key to move the bolt but difficult for someone without a key to move it. This is put to work in a cylinder lock. The most common lock design is the cylinder lock. In the cylinder lock, the key turns a cylinder or plug which turns an attached cam. When the plug is turned one way, the cam pulls in on the bolt and the door can open. When the plug turns the other way, the cam releases the bolt and the spring snaps it into place so the door cannot open. In a deadbolt lock, there is no spring mechanism the turning cylinder slides the bolt forward and backward. A deadbolt is more secure than a spring-driven latch since it's much harder to push the bolt in from the side of the door. Inside a cylinder lock, there is a sort of puzzle, which only the correct key can solve. The main variation in lock designs is the nature of this puzzle. One of the most common puzzles is the pin-and-tumbler design. The main components in the pin-and-tumbler design are a series of small pins of varying length. The pins are divided up into pairs. Each pair rests in a shaft running through the central cylinder plug and into the housing around the plug. Springs at the top of the shafts keep the pin pairs in position in the plug. When no key is inserted, the bottom pin in each pair is completely inside the plug, while the upper pi... Free Essays on Locks Come In All Shapes And Sizes Free Essays on Locks Come In All Shapes And Sizes Locks come in all shapes and sizes, with many creative design variations. You can get a clear idea of the lock by examining one simple, representative lock. Most locks are based on fairly similar concepts. Think about the normal dead-bolt lock you might find on a front door. In this sort of lock, a movable bolt or latch is embedded in the door so it can be extended out the side. This bolt is lined up with a notch in the frame. When you turn the lock, the bolt extends into the notch in the frame, so the door can't move. When you retract the bolt, the door moves freely. The lock's only job is to make it simple for someone with a key to move the bolt but difficult for someone without a key to move it. This is put to work in a cylinder lock. The most common lock design is the cylinder lock. In the cylinder lock, the key turns a cylinder or plug which turns an attached cam. When the plug is turned one way, the cam pulls in on the bolt and the door can open. When the plug turns the other way, the cam releases the bolt and the spring snaps it into place so the door cannot open. In a deadbolt lock, there is no spring mechanism the turning cylinder slides the bolt forward and backward. A deadbolt is more secure than a spring-driven latch since it's much harder to push the bolt in from the side of the door. Inside a cylinder lock, there is a sort of puzzle, which only the correct key can solve. The main variation in lock designs is the nature of this puzzle. One of the most common puzzles is the pin-and-tumbler design. The main components in the pin-and-tumbler design are a series of small pins of varying length. The pins are divided up into pairs. Each pair rests in a shaft running through the central cylinder plug and into the housing around the plug. Springs at the top of the shafts keep the pin pairs in position in the plug. When no key is inserted, the bottom pin in each pair is completely inside the plug, while the upper pi...